The Ethnogeographic Board, a World War II entity, was jointly sponsored by the American Council of Learned Societies, the Social Science Research Council, the National Research Council, and the Smithsonian Institution. Founded in 1942, the Board was headed by William Duncan Strong until 1944. He was succeeded by Henry Bascom Collins, Jr., 1944-1945.

The Board served as a clearinghouse between its supporting institutions, the armed services, and government war agencies for information about the geography, languages, and cultures of non-European theaters of the war, especially Africa, Japan, and Micronesia. It also helped locate and mobilize trained personnel, especially anthropologists and linguists. After 1944 the Ethnogeographic Board's importance declined, and it was terminated in mid-1945.