1. Smithsonian Annual Report for 1861, p. 13. [Return to text.]

2. For the buildup to the war, see James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York, 1988), chapters 1-9. [Return to text.]

3. Benjamin Franklin Cooling III, Symbol, Sword and Shield: Defending Washington During the Civil War (Shippensburg, Pennsylvania, 1975), pp. 9-41; Constance McLaughlin Green, Washington: A History of the Capital, 1800-1951, 2 vols. in 1 (Princeton, 1962), 1:230-243; McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, pp. 278-279, 285, 313; A. Howard Meneely, The War Department, 1861: A Study in Mobilization and Administration (New York, 1928), pp. 104-119; Henry to Stephen Alexander, April 13, 1861, Family Papers, Henry Collection, Record Unit (RU) 7001, Smithsonian Institution Archives. [Return to text.]

4. Simon Cameron order, April 20, 1861, Box 39, Henry Collection, RU 7001, Smithsonian Institution Archives. [Return to text.]

5. Cooling, Symbol, Sword and Shield, p. 31; McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, pp. 285-286; Henry to Asa Gray, April 29, 1861, Historic Letters, Archives, Gray Herbarium Library, Harvard University ("secession flags"); Smithsonian Annual Report for 1861, p. 13 ("there was no authority"; "more in accordance"; "a considerate desire"). [Return to text.]

6. Henry to Stephen Alexander, April 26, 1861, Family Papers, Henry Collection, RU 7001, Smithsonian Institution Archives ("I perhaps"); Henry to Asa Gray, April 29, 1861, December 7, 1860 ("as far from"), and July 12, 1861 ("the battle"), Historic Letters, Archives, Gray Herbarium Library, Harvard University; Henry to Millard Fillmore, July 15, 1867, Fillmore Papers, Special Collections, Penfield Library, State University of New York at Oswego.

For Henry's views on slavery, see Nathan Reingold et al., eds., The Papers of Joseph Henry (Washington, 1979), 3:431; Henry to John Torrey, November 27, 1860, Torrey Papers, Library, New York Botanical Garden; Henry to Asa Gray, December 7, 1860, and May 22, 1862, Historic Letters, Archives, Gray Herbarium Library, Harvard University. [Return to text.]

7. E. F. Rivinus and E. M. Youssef, Spencer Baird of the Smithsonian (Washington, 1992), p. 110. [Return to text.]

8. Henry to Arnold Guyot, May 4, 1861, Guyot Papers, Collection of the Historical Society of Princeton ("Our greatest danger"); Mary Henry Diary, May 8 ("quite disorderly"), June 1, June 3 ("indescribably picturesque"), 1861, Mary A. Henry Diaries, Journals, and Notebooks, Henry Collection, RU 7001, Smithsonian Institution Archives; Henry to Stephen Alexander, April 26, 1861, Family Papers, Henry Collection, RU 7001, Smithsonian Institution Archives ("have experienced"). [Return to text.]

9. Smithsonian Annual Report for 1861, p. 35; Henry to James H. Coffin, December 10, 1861, Correspondence with James H. Coffin, 1842-1873, Henry Collection, RU 7001, Smithsonian Institution Archives; Charles J. Meriwether to Henry, July 20, 1866, and W. G. Fuller to Henry, August 9, 1862, Letters Received, Records of the Smithsonian Meteorological Project, Records of the Weather Bureau, Record Group 27, National Archives; Smithsonian Annual Report for 1864, p. 44; 1865, pp. 56-57; James Rodger Fleming, Meteorology in America, 1800-1870 (Baltimore, 1990), pp. 146-148; Henry to James H. Coffin, December 10, 1861, Correspondence with James H. Coffin, 1842-1873, Henry Collection, RU 7001, Smithsonian Institution Archives ("Our system"). [Return to text.]

10. Henry to S. P. Hildreth, January 7, 1861, Henry Collection, Manuscripts Division, Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, Princeton University Library, Princeton University; Henry to Asa Gray, July 12, 1861, Historic Letters, Archives, Gray Herbarium Library, Harvard University; W. J. Rhees to S. F. Baird, September 11, 1861, Private Incoming Correspondence, 1845-1887, Baird Papers, RU 7002, Smithsonian Institution Archives; Henry to James H. Coffin, March 31, 1864, Correspondence with James H. Coffin, 1842-1873, Henry Collection, RU 7001, Smithsonian Institution Archives; Henry to Theodore Dwight Woolsey, June 16, 1864, Woolsey Collection, Yale University Archives, Library, Yale University; S. F. Baird to Felix Flügel, March 9, 1861, Private Outgoing Correspondence, 1849-1888, Baird Papers, RU 7002, Smithsonian Institution Archives ("all superfluous"). [Return to text.]

11. Smithsonian Annual Report for 1861, pp. 15, 90; Henry to James H. Coffin, December 10, 1861, Correspondence with James H. Coffin, 1842-1873, Henry Collection, RU 7001, Smithsonian Institution Archives. [Return to text.]

12. Henry to John Torrey, December 6 and December 30, 1860-January 4, 1861 ("we shall"), Torrey Papers, Library, New York Botanical Garden; Henry to Gray, December 5, 1860, Historic Letters, Archives, Gray Herbarium Library, Harvard University. [Return to text.]

13. Henry to [Coast Survey Office], May 1, 1861, Letters Received, Records of the Office of the Assistant in Charge, Records of the Coast and Geodetic Survey, RU 23, National Archives; S. F. Baird to Felix Flügel, March 9, 1861, Private Outgoing Correspondence, 1849-1888, Baird Papers, RU 7002, Smithsonian Institution Archives; Smithsonian Annual Report for 1860, p. 58; 1861, p. 51; 1865, p. 69; Nancy Elizabeth Gwinn, "The Origins and Development of International Publication Exchange in Nineteenth-Century America" (Ph.D. dissertation, The George Washington University, 1996), pp. 263-266. [Return to text.]

14. Henry to T. S. C. Lowe, May 28, 1861 ("of advantage"), Henry to Simon Cameron, June 21, 1861, and Henry to Edwin M. Stanton, July 21, 1863, all in Lowe Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. [Return to text.]

15. Tom D. Crouch, The Eagle Aloft: Two Centuries of the Balloon in America (Washington, D.C., 1983), pp. 345-415; Robert V. Bruce, Lincoln and the Tools of War (Urbana and Chicago, 1989), pp. 84-85. [Return to text.]

16. The June 1861 tests between the Smithsonian Building and the Coast Survey Office are mentioned in B.A. Gould to Henry, June 25, 1861, Incoming and Outgoing Correspondence, 1800-1878, Henry Collection, RU 7001, Smithsonian Institution Archives. The signalling between the Smithsonian Building and Ft. Washington is documented in Henry to Harriet Henry, May 30, 1863, Family Papers, Henry Collection, RU 7001, Smithsonian Institution Archives, and Minutes of the Permanent Commission for August 20, 1863 (p. 130), Records of the Permanent Commission, Records of Boards and Commissions, Naval Records Collection of the Office of Naval Records and Library, RG 45, National Archives. The experiments between the Smithsonian and the Soldiers' Home, conducted in November 1862 and August 1864, are described in David Homer Bates, Lincoln in the Telegraph Office (New York, 1907), pp. 261-265, and Henry to A. D. Bache, August 21, 1864, Bache Papers, RU 7053, Smithsonian Institution Archives. See also Permanent Commission Report No. 245, October 18, 1864, Records of the Permanent Commission, Records of Boards and Commissions, Naval Records Collection of the Office of Naval Records and Library, RG 45, National Archives. [Return to text.]

17. Carl Sandburg, Abraham Lincoln: The War Years, 4 vols. (New York, 1939), 1:400. Other versions include Thomas Coulson, Joseph Henry: His Life and Work (Princeton, 1950), p. 243; Robert V. Bruce, Lincoln and the Tools of War (Urbana and Chicago, 1989), pp. 84-85; Noah Brooks, Washington in Lincoln's Time (New York, 1895), pp. 11-13; Leonard Carmichael, "Joseph Henry--Scientific Genius," The Military Engineer, 1946, 48:418, which quotes an unidentified source. Meigs' statement is in Montgomery C. Meigs to William Selden, October 8, 1861, Box 4, Marcus Benjamin Papers, RU 7085, Smithsonian Archives; the author wishes to thank Bruce Kirby, formerly of the Smithsonian Institution Archives, for bringing this letter to her attention. Henry names Anderson as his accuser in Henry Locked Book, November 21, 1864, Box 39, Henry Collection, RU 7001, Smithsonian Institution Archives. [Return to text.]

18. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 346; Henry to Henry Wurtz, July 26, 1861, Wurtz Papers, New York Public Library ("That the north"); Henry to Henry Stevens, July 30, 1861, Stevens Papers, Department of Special Collections, University Research Library, University of California at Los Angeles; Mary Henry Diary, July 22 and 23, 1861. [Return to text.]

19. John Varden to S. F. Baird, August 13, 1861, Private Incoming Correspondence, 1845-1887, Baird Papers, RU 7002, Smithsonian Institution Archives ("such strict"); Henry to Asa Gray, August 13, 1861, Historic Letters, Archives, Gray Herbarium Library, Harvard University ("A great"); Henry to A. D. Bache, August 17, 1861, RH 1499, Rhees Collection, The Huntington Library, San Marino, CA ("provided I"); Henry to Harriet Henry, October 14, 17, and 20, 1861, Family Papers, Henry Collection, RU 7001, Smithsonian Institution Archives; Mary Alice Wills, The Confederate Blockade of Washington, D.C., 1861-1862 (Parsons, West Virginia, 1975), vii, 97, 101. [Return to text.]

20. Green, Washington, 1:249. [Return to text.]

21. Smithsonian Annual Report for 1857, p. 36 ("consistent with"; "any subject"); National Intelligencer, December 12, 1861. [Return to text.]

22. Smithsonian Annual Report for 1861, pp. 47-48; 1862, pp. 43-45; 1863, pp. 42-43; National Intelligencer, December 12, 1861; New York Daily Tribune, January 17, 1862; McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, pp. 494-496; Henry to A. D. Bache, April 4, 1862, RH 1513, Rhees Collection, The Huntington Library, San Marino, CA; Sandburg, Abraham Lincoln, 1:401 ("Ladies"); Coulson, Joseph Henry, p. 242, quotes the same passage that appears in Sandburg; Henry to Theodore Dwight Woolsey, August 8, 1862, Woolsey Collection, Yale University Archives, Library, Yale University. [Return to text.]

23. Oliver Wolcott Gibbs to A. D. Bache, February 2, 1862, RH 1297, Rhees Collection, The Huntington Library, San Marino, CA. [Return to text.]

24. Biographical Directory of the American Congress, 1774-1949 (Washington, 1950), s.v. "Gartrell, Lucius Jeremiah," "Mason, James Murray," "Breckinridge, John Cabell"; William Jones Rhees, ed., The Smithsonian Institution: Journals of the Board of Regents, Reports of Committees, Statistics, etc., 1879, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol. 18 (Washington, 1880), pp. 741 ("giving aid"), 743; Mary Henry Diary, January 26, 27, 30, 1864. [Return to text.]

25. Mary Henry Diary, December 28, 1861; Henry to Bache, January 23, 1862, RH 1502, Rhees Collection, The Huntington Library, San Marino, CA; Green, Washington, 1:250-257. [Return to text.]

26. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 424; Mary Henry Diary, March 20, 1862; Henry Locked Book, June 1, 1862, ("How strange"). [Return to text.]

27. Mary Henry Diary, April 21, May 25, June 27 and 30, July 5 and 25, 1862; Richard M. Lee, Mr. Lincoln's City: An Illustrated Guide to the Civil War Sites of Washington (McLean, Virginia, 1981), p. 22; Mary Henry Diary, June 30, July 5, July 25, 1862; Henry to Millard Fillmore, July 15, 1867, Fillmore Papers, Special Collections, Penfield Library, State University of New York at Oswego; James M. Goode, Capital Losses: A Cultural History of Washington's Destroyed Buildings (Washington, 1979), pp. 308-310. [Return to text.]

28. Henry to A. D. Bache, August 21, 1862, Bache Papers, RU 7053, Smithsonian Institution Archives. [Return to text.]

29. Henry to Virginia L. Farragut, May 6, 1863, HM 26824, The Huntington Library, San Marino, CA; Mary Henry Diary, August 29, 1862; Henry to [?William A. Henry], September 5, 1862, Family Papers, Henry Collection, RU 7001, Smithsonian Institution Archives ("filled to"); Lee, Mr. Lincoln's City, p. 22; Henry to James H. Coffin, September 19, 1862, Correspondence with James H. Coffin, 1842-1873, Henry Collection, RU 7001, Smithsonian Institution Archives ("soon after"). [Return to text.]

30. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 534-545. [Return to text.]

31. John Varden to S. F. Baird, September 6, 1862, Private Incoming Correspondence, 1845-1887, Baird Papers, RU 7002, Smithsonian Institution Archives ("I doe"); Solomon G. Brown to Baird, September 4, 1862, Private Incoming Correspondence, 1845-1887, Baird Papers, RU 7002, Smithsonian Institution Archives ("We can"). The author wishes to thank Terrica Gibson, formerly of the Smithsonian Institution Archives, for sharing her transcriptions of Solomon Brown's correspondence. [Return to text.]

32. Mary Henry Diary, December 6, 1862; Henry to Virginia L. Farragut, May 6, 1863, HM 26824, The Huntington Library, San Marino, CA ("billious attack"); S. F. Baird to George Perkins Marsh, October 19, 1862, Marsh Papers, Library, University of Vermont; John Torrey to Asa Gray, October 22, 1862, Historic Letters, Archives, Gray Herbarium Library, Harvard University ("They are afraid"); Henry to James Hall, January 2, 1863, State Geologists' and Paleontologists' Correspondence File, series B0561, New York State Archives ("has lessened"). [Return to text.]

33. Henry to W. G. Binney, December 9, 1864, Folder 2, Box 30, Subject File, W. J. Rhees Collection, RU 7081, Smithsonian Institution Archives; Henry to Charles W. Eliot, February 17, 1862, Eliot Papers, (UA I.5.150), Harvard University Archives. [Return to text.]

34. Henry to Gustavus Vasa Fox, February 7, 1863, Miscellaneous Letters Received, Naval Records Collection of the Office of Naval Records and Library, RG 45, National Archives; Nathan Reingold, "Science in the Civil War: The Permanent Commission of the Navy Department," Isis, 1958, 49:309, 310, 317, 318; A. Hunter Dupree, Science in the Federal Government (Cambridge, 1957), pp. 137-138; Henry to Millard Fillmore, July 15, 1867, Fillmore Papers, Special Collections, Penfield Library, State University of New York at Oswego, and Henry to Joseph B. Varnum, Jr., August 21, 1864, both in Outgoing Letters of Joseph Henry in Letterpress Books, 1865-1878, Henry Collection, RU 7001, Smithsonian Institution Archives. [Return to text.]

35. Smithsonian Annual Report for 1862, p. 13 ("The art"; "investigations"); Robert V. Bruce, The Launching of Modern American Science, 1846-1876 (Ithaca, 1987), pp. 306, 312 ("science"), 279, 295 ("mere food"). [Return to text.]

36. Henry to A. D. Bache, June 25, 1863, Bache Papers, RU 7053, Smithsonian Institution Archives; Mary Henry Diary, June 18, 27, 29, 1863; McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 665. [Return to text.]

37. Henry to S. F. Baird, August 24, 1863, Private Incoming Correspondence, 1845-1887, Baird Papers, RU 7002, Smithsonian Institution Archives. [Return to text.]

38. S. F. Baird to George Perkins Marsh, October 19, 1862, Marsh Papers, Library, University of Vermont ("an appreciable"); Smithsonian Annual Report for 1861, p. 44 ("the museum"), 64; 1862, pp. 15-16; 1863, p. 36; 1865, p. 84. [Return to text.]

39. For Henry's arguments in favor of federal funding of the national museum, see Smithsonian Annual Report for 1851, pp. 24-25; 1852, pp. 29-31; 1854, p. 25; 1859, p. 51; 1860, pp. 48-49; 1862, pp. 34-35, 1863, pp. 38-39; 1865, pp. 59-60; Smithsonian Annual Report for 1866, p. 17; William Jones Rhees, comp. and ed., The Smithsonian Institution: Documents Relative to Its Origin and History, 2 vols., 1901, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vols. 42 and 43 (Washington, 1901), 1:633; Smithsonian Annual Report for 1864, pp. 114-115; Henry to Louis Agassiz, June 10, 1863, Incoming and Outgoing Correspondence, 1800-1878, Henry Collection, RU 7001, Smithsonian Institution Archives; Louis Agassiz to S. F. Baird, December 6, 1860, Private Incoming Correspondence, 1845-1887, Baird Papers, RU 7002, Smithsonian Institution Archives; Louis Agassiz to Henry, August 8, 1864, and Henry to Louis Agassiz, August 13, 1864, both in Joseph Henry folder, Benjamin Peirce Papers, Houghton Library, Harvard University; Henry Locked Book, March 11, 12, 15, 1864. [Return to text.]

40. Green, Washington, 1:265-266; McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 742; Henry to Asa Gray, February 26, 1864, Historic Letters, Archives, Gray Herbarium Library, Harvard University ("a sharp"); Henry to Bache, July 19, 1864, Bache Papers, RU 7053, Smithsonian Institution Archives; Solomon G. Brown to S. F. Baird, July 15, 1864 ("so that"), and August 6, 1864 ("Prof Henry"), Private Incoming Correspondence, 1845-1887, Baird Papers, RU 7002, Smithsonian Institution Archives; Henry to A. D. Bache, September 25, 1864, and August 21, 1864, both in Bache Papers, RU 7053, Smithsonian Institution Archives; Henry to A. D. Bache, August 21, 1864. [Return to text.]

41. Solomon G. Brown to S. F. Baird, July 15, 1864, Private Incoming Correspondence, 1845-1887, Baird Papers, RU 7002, Smithsonian Institution Archives ("have been"; "the Building"); McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, pp. 756-758; Henry to A. D. Bache, July 16, 1864 ("much indignation"); Mary Henry Diary, July 10-14, 1864. [Return to text.]

42. E. F. Rivinus and E. M. Youssef, Spencer Baird of the Smithsonian (Washington, 1992), p. 111 ("colored substitute"); Solomon G. Brown to S. F. Baird, September 23, 1864, Private Incoming Correspondence, 1845-1887, Baird Papers, RU 7002, Smithsonian Institution Archives ("Exempted"); Henry to C. M. Wetherill, October 17, 1864, Wetherill Papers, Edgar Fahs Smith Collection, University of Pennsylvania Library; see McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, pp. 600-605. [Return to text.]

43. Henry to A. D. Bache, December 13, 1864, Bache Papers, RU 7053, Smithsonian Institution Archives; Henry to E. B. White, July 19, 1866, Outgoing Letters of Joseph Henry in Letterpress Books, 1865-1878, Henry Collection, RU 7001, Smithsonian Institution Archives. [Return to text.]

44. Henry to Benjamin Silliman, March 14, 1862, D.C. Gilman Collection, Eisenhower Library, Johns Hopkins University ("above all"; "It is"); Henry to Theodore Dwight Woolsey, March 15, 1862, Woolsey Collection, Yale University Archives, Library, Yale University ("as far as"). The speaker of the house and the president of the senate appointed the congressional regents. The six citizen regents were appointed by joint resolution of the two houses. [Return to text.]

45. Smithsonian Annual Report for 1865, p. 15-20; Henry to Louis Agassiz, January 31, 1865, RH 3278, Rhees Collection, The Huntington Library, San Marino, CA; Mary Henry Diary, January 25 and 26, 1865. [Return to text.]

46. Mary Henry Diary, February 4, 1865 ("Father bears"); Henry to Nancy Bache, February 25, 1865, Bache Papers, RU 7053, Smithsonian Institution Archives; B. A. Gould to Henry, February 1, 1865, Incoming and Outgoing Correspondence, 1800-1878, Henry Collection, RU 7001, Smithsonian Institution Archives ("The Institution"); Smithsonian Annual Report for 1864, p. 33 ("large amount"; "the opportunity"); Henry to Baron C. R. von Ostensacken, February 4, 1865, Archives, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. [Return to text.]

47. Henry Desk Diary, January 28, 1865; Smithsonian Annual Report for 1865, p. 70; 1866, pp. 13-16, 18; Henry to Asa Gray, February 13, 1865, and Henry to Millard Fillmore, July 15, 1867, Fillmore Papers, Special Collections, Penfield Library, State University of New York at Oswego. [Return to text.]

48. Henry to A. D. Bache, July 16 and July 19, 1864, Bache Papers, RU 7053, Smithsonian Institution Archives; Henry Desk Diary, February 16, 1865; Henry to Salmon P. Chase, June 22, 1864, Letters Received from the Smithsonian Institution, General Records of the Department of the Treasury, RG 56, National Archives; Congressional Globe, March 3, 1865, p. 1365; Henry to Asa Gray, January 31, 1865, Historic Letters, Archives, Gray Herbarium Library, Harvard University; Henry to Asa Gray, February 13, 1865, Outgoing Letters of Joseph Henry in Letterpress Books, 1865-1878, Henry Collection, RU 7001, Smithsonian Institution Archives; Henry to A. D. Bache, February 25, 1865, Bache Papers, RU 7053, Smithsonian Institution Archives; Smithsonian Annual Report for 1865, p. 19; 1866, p. 13. [Return to text.]

49. Mary Henry Diary, April 5, 1865; McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, pp. 850-851; Mary Howard Schoolcraft to Henry, April 6, 1865, RH 246, Rhees Collection, The Huntington Library, San Marino, CA; Henry to Mary Howard Schoolcraft, April 7, 1865, Henry Rowe Schoolcraft Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. [Return to text.]

50. Henry Desk Diary, April 9 and 11, 1865. [Return to text.]

51. Henry to Asa Gray, April 13, 1865, Historic Letters, Archives, Gray Herbarium Library, Harvard University; Henry Desk Diary, April 14, 1865; Richard Delafield to Henry, April 18, 1865, Incoming Correspondence, Office of the Secretary, 1863-1879, RU 26, Smithsonian Institution Archives ("I looked"); Henry Desk Diary, April 18, 1865. [Return to text.]

52. Dupree, Science in the Federal Government, p. 132; Henry to S. F. Baird, August 23, 1864, Private Incoming Correspondence, 1845-1887, Baird Papers, RU 7002, Smithsonian Institution Archives. [Return to text.]

53. Henry Desk Diary, April 19, 1865; Henry to Harriet Henry, April 21, 1865, Family Papers, Henry Collection, RU 7001, Smithsonian Institution Archives ("as humanely"; "that the"). [Return to text.]

For an article published since this piece was written, see Michael F. Conlin, "The Smithsonian Abolition Lecture Controversy: The Clash of Antislavery Politics with American Science in Wartime Washington," Civil War History 46 (December 2000): 301-323.

Joseph Henry, by Matthew Brady, ca. 1862. U.S. Signal Corps photograph, NWDNS-111-B-3607, Brady Collection, National Archives (NARA); also in RU 95: Photographic Collection (b11, f8), Smithsonian Institution Archives; SI neg. no. 76-5847. Note on date: from National Portrait Gallery; NARA dates as ca. 1860-1865. [Return to text.]

Spencer F. Baird, ca. 1860. RU 95: Photographic Collection, Smithsonian Institution Archives; SIA neg. no. SA-61. Note on date: from E. F. Rivinus and E. M. Youssef, Spencer Baird of the Smithsonian (Washington, D.C., 1992), following p. 105; "ca. 1875" and "ca. 1878" on copies of print. [Return to text.]

Mary Henry, n.d., RU 95: Photographic Collection, Smithsonian Institution Archives; SI neg. no. 82-3258. [Return to text.]

"Secretary Henry Posts Daily Weather Map in Smithsonian Building, 1858," photograph of oil painting by Louise Rochon Hoover, 1933, commissioned by the Smithsonian for the Chicago Century of Progress Exhibition. RU 95: Photographic Collection (b11, f12), Smithsonian Institution Archives; SI neg. no. 84-2073. [Return to text.]

"A night observation of the Confederate batteries from the balloon, Constitution, using a calcium light," published in Mary Alice Wills, The Confederate Blockade of Washington, D.C., 1861-1862 (Parsons, West Virginia, 1975), p. 129. [Return to text.]

View from north tower of Smithsonian Building, looking west, ca. 1867. RU 95: Photographic Collection, Smithsonian Institution Archives; SI neg. no. 31753-G; Note on date: from Cynthia R. Field, Richard E. Stamm, and Heather P. Ewing, The Castle: An Illustrated History of the Smithsonian Building (Washington, 1993), p. 145. [Return to text.]

Abraham Lincoln, based on photograph by Anthony Berger, February 9, 1864. RU 95: Photographic Collection, Smithsonian Institution Archives; SI neg. no. 83-13977. Note on date: date and name of photographer from Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540; LC reproduction no. LC-USP6-2415-A DLC. [Return to text.]

Lecture hall in the Smithsonian Building, woodcut, ca. 1856-1857, from William Jones Rhees, An Account of the Smithsonian Institution... (Washington, 1857), p. 14. RU 95: Photographic Collection (b31A, f23), Smithsonian Institution Archives; SI neg. no. 43804-K. [Return to text.]

Bedroom in the Henry apartments, by Thomas W. Smillie, ca. 1878. RU 95: Photographic Collection (b31A, f18), Smithsonian Institution Archives; SI neg. nos. 1239, 1240, 46638-F. [Return to text.]

Solomon G. Brown, n.d. RU 95: Photographic Collection (b4, f41), Smithsonian Institution Archives; SI neg. no. 754. [Return to text.]

Smithsonian Building from the southwest, ca. 1858-1864. RU 95: Photographic Collection (b30, f7), Smithsonian Institution Archives; SI neg. no. 36881. Note on date: from Cynthia R. Field, Richard E. Stamm, and Heather P. Ewing, The Castle: An Illustrated History of the Smithsonian Building (Washington, 1993), p. 17; "ca. 1860" on print. [Return to text.]

Smithsonian Building on fire, heavily retouched photograph by Alexander Gardner, 1865, as it appeared in Harper's Weekly, February 11, 1865. RU 95: Photographic Collection (b30, f10), Smithsonian Institution Archives; SI neg. no. 37082. [Return to text.]

Joseph Henry, by Matthew Brady, ca. 1862. U.S. Signal Corps photograph, NWDNS-111-B-2441, Brady Collection, National Archives. Note on date: from National Portrait Gallery dating of Henry standing by table, which is apparently from the same sitting; NARA dates as ca. 1860-1865. [Return to text.]